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: 71 The first manual for FORTRAN appeared in October 1956, : 72 with the first FORTRAN compiler delivered in April 1957. Ī draft specification for The IBM Mathematical Formula Translating System was completed by November 1954. Halcombe Laning and demonstrated in the Laning and Zierler system of 1952. Its concepts included easier entry of equations into a computer, an idea developed by J. Best, Harlan Herrick, Peter Sheridan, Roy Nutt, Robert Nelson, Irving Ziller, Harold Stern, Lois Haibt, and David Sayre. : 69 Backus' historic FORTRAN team consisted of programmers Richard Goldberg, Sheldon F. Backus submitted a proposal to his superiors at IBM to develop a more practical alternative to assembly language for programming their IBM 704 mainframe computer. The official language standards for Fortran have referred to the language as "Fortran" with initial caps (rather than "FORTRAN" in all-uppercase) since Fortran 90. The names of earlier versions of the language through FORTRAN 77 were conventionally spelled in all-uppercase (FORTRAN 77 was the last version in which the Fortran character set included only uppercase letters ). The name FORTRAN is derived from Formula Translating System, Formula Translator, Formula Translation, or Formulaic Translation.